Vygotsky’s Socio Cultural Learning Applied to Teaching

VYGOTSKY’S SOCIO – CULTURAL LEARNING INTRODUCTION Who is Lev Vygotsky? Birth: Lev Vygotsky was born November 17, 1896 Death: He died June 11, 1934. Vygotsky's Early Life: Lev Vygotsky was born in Orsha, a city in the western region of the Russian Empire. He attended Moscow State University, where he graduated with a degree in law in 1917. He studied a range of topics white attending university, including sociology, linguistics, psychology and philosophy. However, his formal work in psychology did not begin until 1924 when he attended the Institute of Psychology in Moscow and began collaborating with Alexei Leontiev and Alexander Luria.Vygotsky's Career: Lev Vygotsky was a prolific writer, publishing six books on psychology topics over a ten year period. His interests were quite diverse, but often centered on topics of child development and education. He also explored such topics as the psychology of art and language development. Lev Vygotsky is considered a seminal thin ker in psychology, and much of his work is still being discovered and explored today. While he was a contemporary of Skinner, Pavlov and Piaget, his work never attained their level of eminence during his lifetime.Part of this was because his work was often criticized by the Communist Party in Russia, and so his writings were largely inaccessible to the Western world. His premature death at age 38 also contributed to his obscurity. Despite this, his work has continued to grow in influence since his death, particularly in the fields of developmental and educational psychology. http://psychology. about. com/od/profilesmz/p/vygotsky. htm What is Sociocultural Theory? http://www. docslide. com/vygotskys-sociocultural-theory/This theory stresses the interaction between developing people and the culture in which they live. Sociocultural theory states that children’s learning and cognitive development is a result of social interactions with more knowledgeable others and their culture . Children learn behavior and ways of thinking from interactions with others. Sociocultural theory is an emerging theory in psychology that looks at the important contributions that society makes to individual development. This theory stresses the interaction between developing people and the culture in which they live.Vygotsky explained areas in how social processes form learning and thinking. The areas are: * The Social Sources of Individual thinking * The role of Cultural tools in Cognitive Development * The role of Language in cognitive development We will also discuss how we can apply Vygotsky’s theory to teaching through: * Assisted learning – Scaffolding and Zone of Proximal Development. The Social Sources of Individual thinking Vygotsky believed that the social source of individual thinking is their interactions with people who are more capable or advanced in their thinking.He assumed that â€Å"every function in a child’s cultural development appears t wice. † First, it appears in an interpsychological way and then in an intrapsychological way. Interpsychological means on the social level – interaction with others. Intrapsychological means on the individual level or inside the child. Higher mental processes first come about through a co-constructed process between people during shared activities and then later on it is internalized by the learner.For example, the solving of problems during class group discussions, a student may not know how to solve the problem before but after the group discussion and the help provided by all members of the group, he is able to solve the problem on his own. In other words, the steps of solving the problem have been grasped by the individual and he is now able to solve the problem on his own. This problem solving process has been adopted by the learner and now it has become part of the learner’s cognitive development. So for Vygotsky, social interaction is not merely an influen ce on a person but also a staircase to higher mental processes.Vygotsky unlike Piaget believed that the more knowledgeable others fosters the cognitive development of children because of the children’s interactions with such people who are more advanced in thinking, experiences and behavior. These people can be their parents and their teachers. Cultural Tools and Cognitive Development mortempo. net donsmaps. com What are cultural tools? These consist of the real tools and the symbolic tools that allow people to communicate, solve problems, think and acquire new knowledge.The real cultural tools can be the abacus which is commonly used by the Chinese, rulers, printing presses, scales for measuring weight and modern tools such as what we mainly use – computers, cell phones, calendars, clocks or wrist watchers and the internet to name a few. The symbolic tools can be numbers and the mathematical system. The Roman numerals are an example of a symbolic tool that is widely u sed today. Sign language and Braille system for the blind, maps, works of art, signs and codes and language which is the most integral part of acquiring knowledge and learning which contributes greatly to cognitive development.These tools are used by adults in a day to day basis and are taught to the young and passed down to younger generations. Today, people use modern technology such as computers and the internet to find information that they need and they acquire new knowledge from such real tools. Vygotsky emphasized that these tools are what the young use to make sense of what is around them. He also believed that higher mental processes are accomplished through the help of language, signs and symbols. He concentrated mainly on language which is a common factor to all societies.The Role of language In the case of language acquisition, children learn to associate sound with meaning or actions. Talking is one of the earliest cognitive developments in a child – How a child associates the sound with an action or what something means. Another way is through private speech. Have you watched a child play with a toy and talk to himself at the same time? Studies have found that children who frequently talk to themselves at play or any other time learn challenging tasks more effectively than children who seldom use private speech.Later on in life, private speech is no more said out loud but becomes silent. For example, when trying to fix something or when you are attempting a critical thinking question do you silently talk to yourself during the process? Or when you are in bad situation some people mutter swears to themselves either out loud or in silence. These are just examples of private speech and how it relates to cognitive development. Furthermore, communication with more knowledgeable others are done through language. Here is where the role of the teacher, parents and peers comes in.They serve as guides and mentors in providing the support and informa tion that the learner needs in intellectual development. All these guidance and support is communicated through language. But we have to be mindful that not all learning takes place through talking. In some cultures, observance of a skilled performance is sufficient enough to guide the learner. For example, mat weaving, dancing, and sewing involve more observance than relating myths and legends through speech. These are some ways according to Vygotsky, in which language helps in cognitive development and learning.Implications of Vygotsky’s theory to Teaching The Zone of Proximal Developmentwww. glogster. comThis is an implication of Vygotsky’s theory. Vygotsky believed that children’s learning take place when they are working within this zone. What is this zone of proximal development? It is the level of development immediately above the present level of the learner. Tasks within this zone of proximal development are ones that a learner cannot tackle alone but o nly with temporary assistance from teachers and peers who are known to be more knowledgeable.This zone describes tasks that a learner has not yet mastered but will master later on after all the assistance that will be provided. This is where the idea of scaffolding comes in to place. Scaffoldingurpages. com. auScaffolding is the assistance provided by teachers, peers and parents to the learner. This is just the support provided to the learner at early stages but as the learner is more capable the learner is left to tackle the problem or the task alone. For example, the teacher can give problems for the students to solve.Before the students are able to solve the problems, the teacher will be assisting the students by showing them the steps that need to be taken in to consideration in solving the problem. Once that assistance is given, the teacher then leaves students to solve the problem on their own. Once a student gets the answer wrong the teacher then assists the student again. So here the teacher intervenes only when the need arises but does not solve the problems for them. Application of Vygotsky’s theory to Teachingoisbengaluru. blogspot. omTeachers should allow for group activities where more capable students are grouped together with the less capable ones. * Apply scaffolding in teaching methods so that students learn to be responsible and not be spoon fed most of the time by the teacher. * Reciprocal teaching – where the teacher starts up a discussion by asking questions on materials that require reading and then turn over the responsibility of the discussion to the students * Teacher must prepare a lesson plan which includes activities that not only can be performed individually but which involves the help of others. Allow for activities where students interact with each other such as games, group work, class picnics and social nights etc. This will help develop their social skills and self-confidenceConclusionIn conclusion, Vygotskyâ₠¬â„¢s theory is widely practiced today. He believed that children learn through their interactions with more skillful people – this can be their peers, parents and teachers. He also believed that culture shapes the mind of people and their view towards what is around them.Cultural tools help people make sense of the world in which they live. Language is one such tool in which contributes greatly to cognitive development. Providing the idea of scaffolding in teaching will help students to be responsible independent learners. Therefore, taking in to consideration Vygotsky’s theory will help us as future teachers to be aware of what teaching methods that we should implement and how we should deal with students effectively in regards to their learning and task performance and also how to enhance their social skills. | | Reference * Slavin, R, ‘Educational Psychology – Theory and Practice,’ 7ed(2003), Pearson Education Limited, USA, pgs 43-47. * Woolwort h, A, ‘Educational Psychology,’8ed(2001), Allyn and Bacon, Pearson Education Co, USA, pgs 44-51 * https://sites. google. com/site/jfielportfolio/philosophystatement * www. docslide. com * http://psychology. about. com/od/profilesmz/p/vygotsky. htm * www. glogster. com * www. donsmaps. com * www. oisbengaluru. blogspot. com * www. urpages. com. au * Lecture notes

History of Extracurricular Activities Essay

On college campuses, extracurricular activities are the main involvement of personal student development. A student participating in an extracurricular activity plays an important role in collegiate experience. The purpose for the student participating in these activities helps them not only with social, entertainment, and enjoyment devotions but it helps them improve their abilities. Colleges want to meet these standards, to help the student develop. The impact of these activities certainly impacts the students and helps them negotiate, communicate, manage conflict and help lead others. Participating in activities outside of the classroom is beneficial to the students; they learn about time management, academic and mental capability. Involvement in student activities, helps students mature socially, and helps relationships form too. Being in a setting with different groups of individuals allow us to gain more self-assurance, and help us share the same interest or to differ. History of Extracurricular Activities The history of extracurricular activities, started in the 19th century, they were apart of the normal academic schedule. â€Å" When the students were finished they had planted beside the curriculum an extra-curriculum of such dimensions that in time there would develop generations of college students†. (Rudolph, 1990, p.137) This is important because this was the beginning to something new that helped change students. The first mechanism that made its way into the American college was the debating club or literary society. Yale undergrads established two different competing societies, Linonian and Brothers. At Princeton they were called American Whig and Cliosophic. In 1770 Harvard’s clubs were part of the American Institute the literary societies were often responsible for founding college literary magazines, which were another agency of intellect in colleges. The societies and their libraries, the clubs, journals, and organizations, which balanced for the neglect of science, English literature, history, music and art. This helped the student response to the classical course study. It brought status of the mind, and helped the American campus. The undergrads  wanted to redefine the American college; their purpose was to change the focus. They implemented the Greek-letter fraternity movement the parent chapters were found in the 1820’s and 1830’s. The founders of those chapters opened more such as Kappa Alpha in 1825, Theta Delta Chi in 1847, including four national fraternities, Sigma Phi, Delta Phi, Chi Psi, and Psi Upsilon. These frats started migrating to cities, and the new chapters were created from grad members who attended law and medical school. Once the fraternities were introduced the literary societies began to decline. Within the extracurricular activities these fraternities were only for men at the time, and these groups formed loyalty and a bond. The Greek- letter fraternity filled an emotional and social rather than a curricular space. The Greek life did more for the students and helps them mature and focus on community efforts, and serve a further purpose. Today in Extracurricular Activities The activities are social organizations, governance organizations, and intercollegiate athletic programs. These programs allow students to work with one another. The most common activities found on campuses are, student government, athletics, academic and professional organizations, volunteer and service related activities, multicultural activities, arts, and other activities. Students who are involved in governance organizations such as student government and residence hall government are elected by peers to be the voice of the students to the university administration. These positions give the students a sense of responsibility, and allow students to build connections, that can be essential in the near future for jobs. Student government operations contain allocating funds to other organizations, planning programs related to student interest, and helps build a successful campus community. Athletics is commonly well known in universities and colleges in the United States, from intra mural and intercollegiate. Requires a lot of commitment, of time, practice, and competing. Intramural sports give opportunities to non-varsity student athletes to enjoy and play the sport, while competing against friends. The academic and professional organizations prepare you for the job. They learn about job related fields, and what skills to you need to become successful. Volunteer and Service is mainly the community service aspect and this help you build connections with  other people while serving a greater purpose by helping the local community, and other communities worldwide. Multicultural activities help raise awareness, and understand diverse cultures, ethnic, and racial backgrounds. The art activities included plays, musicals, and dance concerts and students get to demonstrate their talent. Some universities have marching bands, orchestra, and singing groups. Other activities they can have on campuses are honorary organizations, for students who maintain a certain academic grade point average. Conclusion There are different activities on college campuses, and all of them promote some a social importance, and they all function for the student to be involved and develop a culture. The activities build self-esteem, students feels more connected to their peers, and By participating in extracurricular activities, they will find something they enjoy and see how they can use that as a career. Participating in certain extracurricular activities having to do with the field that the student is interested in could help them find a job. Extracurricular activities are a part of students every day life. They play important roles in student’s lives. They have positive effects on student’s lives by improving behavior, school performance, school completion, positive aspects to make successful adults, and social aspects.

The Obesity Epidemic Hitting America and How to Stop It

Attention: I will be the first to admit, I was not a lean child by any means. I was involved in many sports, but regardless of how much physical exercise I was involved in I was still heavy. I was always tired and found myself not being able to compete to level in which I wanted to be at. My weight was not only holding me back, but making me sick. While diets like South Beach, helped me to eventually start becoming more healthy, they were not comprehensive enough and still had elements that would not allow me to preform my best or continue to feel sick. These are common problems not only amongst youth, but weight related issues are now affecting people of all ages, races, and socioeconomic statuses. Today I will be discussing the issue of America becoming increasingly overweight and obese and will present a a possible way of remedying the impending epidemic. Problem/ Need: Today in America people are not eating well. People are becoming increasingly sick due to an increase in improper diets. Obesity and weight related disease are at an all time high and continue to plague the United States. According to the Food Research and Action Center, 69% of adults are overweight or obese; 35% are obese. 32% of children and adolescents are overweight or obese; 17% are obese. 31% of low-income preschoolers are overweight or obese. Weight related diseases are are no longer just a health concern, but an economic problem. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has stated thatShow MoreRelatedObesity Is An Epidemic Across The United States1592 Words   |  7 PagesObesity has become an epidemic across the United States. Americans have continued to gain weight, increasing the amount of people that are considered obese by millions every few years. More and more experts have come to a consensus: weight needs to be addressed and changed in America. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesreproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying

Gender Roles Of Women And Women - 1536 Words

Men and women have very different expectations and roles in the work force. In the past almost all corporations have discriminated against gender, especially women. Whether it is women not being allowed certain positions and/or promotions at a job, or women not being allowed into the field of work that they desire at all. Women have also been discriminated by being payed lower wage and made to work longer hours in unsafe and unhealthy work environments. Gender roles set expectations that are extremely incorrect. A woman is just as capable at any job that a man is and should not be discriminated against because of her gender. Culture and society have a huge impact on gender roles, specifically among women. â€Å"Among the ancient Celts women rulers and warriors were so common that when a group of Brigantian captives was brought to Rome in the reign of Claudius they automatically assumed his wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Irish, Shawn). Women in some cultures like the ancient Celts had women in leadership roles such as governing the people of their land. However, some cultures see women as nothing more than someone to care for the children and keep the house clean. â€Å"Before World War II, the division of workers into different jobs on the basis of gender was universally accepted† (Irish, Shawn). Meaning that society found it morally right that you could not allow women certain jobs due solely to the fact that they were women. Also, in ancient Rome, a common job for women was to work as a â€Å"hawker†. HawkingShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of Women And Women1524 Words   |  7 PagesGender refers to the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to either sex. Culture and biology determine the moral, intellectual, and emotional differences between males and females. Biology partially determines gender constructions of men and women. 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Also, it will outline the history and progress of women’sRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women876 Words   |  4 PagesA gender role is simply a behavior that may be learned by a person that is so called â€Å"accepted† into society or a cultural normality. For example, men are known for supporting the family the most such as keeping the food on the table and being most of the income that comes into the household. Women on the other hand are normally looked upon as house cleaners, childcare givers, and less responsible jobs inside the house. Gender stereotypes are a little bit different; this is a way of seeing someone

Best College Application Essay Samples: No Longer a Mystery

Best College Application Essay Samples: No Longer a Mystery You're anticipated to persuade the readers with your arguments, so be certain that you include as many supporting academic parts of evidence as you're able to. Are you fighting to find quality writers. Say what you do to earn your life better. As a consequence, spending money to deal with your essays could possibly be challenging. Looking at a whole lot of identical koi isn't the best method to learn about freshwater fish varieties. Furthermore, it's better to concentrate on new essays (not older than 10-15 years), which means you are reading what has worked in the latest past, as opposed to seeing outdated suggestions and historical perspectives. If you're ready to face all these challenges, we can wish a very good luck in receiving the maximum grade for your paper! The trick to predicting which boys won't. Writing a college admission essay can be very tough. College life includes writing essays and application letters whether you're in the sphere of company or literature. Students from all around the U.S. choose us to help write a fantastic college essay papers. The ideal way to help is to teach you college to compose the ideal diversity essay. Apart from having an exceptional SAT score, you would have to develop the very best college essay. These absolutely free college essays will serve as great examples and enable you to compose a very good college essay. Take a peek at our absolutely free college essay tips! Please note that a few of these college essay examples could possibly be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. Since you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the very best information about you, you have to do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to accomplish its purposes. The following suggestions will allow you to compose an excellent admission essay. Our admission essay examples can prove that we're here in order to provide simply the very best assistance to assure you which you submit an application essay that you may be confident in. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a number of essay writing basic guide that you need to always remember. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. Now, employing a sample college essay isn't the exact same as plagiarism. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. If you don't understand how to compose an application essay, don't get upset and ask application essay help, which will lead to a customized application essay that will force you to truly feel relieved. If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. For a beginning, the usual application essay topics need you to use language that's absolutely free from language flaws and grammatical mistakes. Cz 321 info about ways to uc application essay. If you've already graduated from coll ege or university and are looking for a superior job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the probabilities of admission. Developing a wonderful college essay may lose its purpose in the event the content of what you've written is not what the university is asking for. Your college application essays should be about yourself, therefore the one and only way you may use the subject of animal dissection is if you're bringing that topic up as an experience that had a considerable effect on you, and you'd use the remainder of the essay referring to your growth and learning from the occasion. Using Best College Application Essay Samples You may even opt for an available writer to communication panel, which offers an immediate communication between the author and the customer. Use a quick anecdote, a brief you're writing. There are lots of solutions to your essay writing needs online but some are much better than others. In this instance, attempt to hit the minimal words required and be certain that the essay you will write is packed with relevant info and beneficial particulars. If it's the very first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a great deal of questions. Our crew of writers who provide this sort of assistance will be pleased to earn a job-winning resume for you. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. Tell our experts what sort of homework help on the internet you will need to get.

Business Plan (Record Company) free essay sample

There are three of us: The Label manager (who is responsible for running the label), an AR (the talent scout who mentors the artist through to final recording) and a business developer (who is responsible for the business deals). Although every one of us has a specific title, being a small Independent label, we all work on every Issue. The funding of the label came from our personal funding (representing 85% of our funding). , the head of the label brought 55% of the full funding, the two other equally brought 15% each of personal funding into the label. Three of our friends (5% each) came in for the last 15% to help us as we had trouble finding a bank which would loan us the money for an Independent record label! There Is no Interest on this loan and we have an oral agreement that we have five (5) years to pay back the loan. We have raised a budget of IEEE to start our record label There are no office costs as we all already own a computer and are working in my living room which has been transformed for the occasion into an office. Our Income forecast, which will be more detailed In our scofflaws document, Record sales (worldwide and different formats: CD, Vinyl). Broadcast comprises: Income (income from our records being broadcasted on radio or TV, or played in public places which will be paid to us once we have joined PL). Licensing (giving a license to other companies to put our tracks on compilations or for licensing the whole album on a said territory). Synchronization (which would be great though we cant directly count on It though we will be pitching as much as possible as there Is some Important Income from this type of license). Merchandising (we take care of he merchandising of our artist which is an Interesting revenue stream) ; Digital sales ring tones (this is a very new market to us, we are looking into at the moment so we cannot fully count on this revenue stream either as we havent yet found all the right partners to work with). On the expense side: Overheads which shouldnt be too Important as rent, electricity, telephone and computers etc. .. Are already dealt with as we do not need a new office. ; Staff cost (though we have all agreed on a percentage based payment for the moment we do have to take into account our legal costs here). Taxes National Insurance. AMPS bills. Recording, mixing and mastering recordings. Producers fees Manufacturing costs Artwork Design (including pack design, photography, websites, logos, promotional materials). Videos Radio TV promotion for records or videos (plugging) press (PR) Advertising Direct marketing promotion of our product. Distribution fees Sales costs. En are trying to keep our fixed costs such as our overheads as low as possible and are taking great care of our cash flow as many costs have to be paid in advance even though the income will come in much later so we have to b very careful on this issue.En have to of course Join Collection societies; this is to say AMPS, PRE and PL. As a record company, we have to Join PL as they will be collecting royalties from broadcasts of our recordings. We will register our first recording with PL through their database (Catch). This does not need to go into our expenses as it is free to Join. Irish is also why we need to have ownership of the copyright in the recording. We will also Join a trade association, most probably AIM; this on the other side will enter our expenses as a subscription fee is to be paid.Most of our work will be done in-house though we will have to bring in some specialists when needed such as a lawyer and maybe a PR company. En do not have our own publishing company for the moment but we hope to get it set up after three (3) years. Ere ARTIST En have Just signed our artist, Mandarin, for a five (5) year exclusive agreement for the release of a four (4) track PEP and their debut album. The contract can be found at the end of the document, Appendix A. So we own the copyright in the recordings for minimum of five (5) years.RECORDING ere album will be recorded at Urchin Studios in London (wry. Orchestrations. Co. UK), new studios since 2007, price remains affordable without letting go of the quality side. They are operating with Strokes producer Gordon Raphael. As past clients they have had Emmy The Great, Skin, Jeremy Warmly, Transgressing Records. We will operate on a daily fee of IEEE for a 9 hour day inclusive of all equipment and engineer; we have to look at problems such as overtime which will cost us EWE per hour or such as additional cost hours after pm which are at engineers discretion.It would be lovely to work in Piano Studios (www. Pontifications. Com) but much Model but the costs are much higher so they will be hopefully used as future reference. Just to SE the differences, their daily rate is IEEE all services included but only for an eight hour day. Another solution would be recording the album in Paris as the Band is French at studios (http://studios. Free. FRR/). They are a new studio and the daily costs would be 280? with engineer for an eight hour day which roughly represents IEEE. Hough that recording was going to be much cheaper if done in France but after having a good look round, I will be going with Urchin Studios as the prices are pretty such the same! Hopefully, Mandarin shouldnt take more than ten days to record their album. After meeting Gordon Raphael, we have managed to agree that, as we have no money to put forward, that he will receive a percentage of the income of the recording. The label has agreed to give him twenty percent (20%) of their share. Two extra musicians have to come in for the recording at an hourly cost of EWE an hour each. Equines Model, Marketing Promotion Now the album has been recorded, the labels efforts will be put into the marketing. En have a good month to dedicate to the release of this album working day-in day- UT. As we dont have much money, the cheapest way of doing this, will be by using internet and all that it offers. We know that the record industry is in trouble and the major record companies know it all too well. According to the Pupils most recent figures, physical music sales were down 11% to $17. Ban in 2007, and, blaming piracy -? both CD copying and online file-sharing -? the IF says that overall music sales have fallen for the seventh year running. So how are we going to make money today as a small independent label? Well everything is open! Any business model will o as there are no business models that are leading the way today. En could go free! It sounds insane as we are here to earn money but if music is becoming ubiquitous, through illegal file-sharing and supported by mass storage MPH players, then why not Just give it away?The free model doesnt mean not making money from music of course b ut in a certain way the tracks themselves are treated as a loss and are only designed to promote the artist and drive sales of other associated products, such as concert tickets and merchandise. A good example of this is Examined which is a web service that embraces the free model by helping artists to distribute their music for free, under a Creative Commons license, on peer- to-peer file sharing networks such as Bit Torrent or mule. Jameson users can also discuss and rate tracks, as well as make a donation directly to the artists whose music theyre fans of.Additionally, Jameson has an ad-revenue scheme for artists No set-up-shop on the site. Launched in September 2007, Spirogyra lets users download music for free, in return downloading music, the service requires users to log in to the site and view ads at least once every 30 days, or the downloaded music for the account becomes disabled. Spirogyra is built on a revenue-sharing agreement with participating labels, and currently offers a catalogue of 800,000 songs and 3,500 music videos. The catch, of course, is that you must view advertising in order to download DRY- protected music and video.Tracks from Spirogyra also ca nnot be burned too CD or transferred to an pod, the top-selling digital music player, which is a big problem, although files can be sent to two Windows Media Player-compatible devices or cell phones. Signing up for Spirogyra is easy. You provide basic information, and Spirogyra sends you a link and password to access the site. There Spirogyra inspects your computer to determine if your system meets its requirements. If you use a Mac, find a PC! Which is contrary to the music industry in general!Spirogyra is available only for PCs running Windows XP or Vista and the browsers Internet Explorer and Firebox. You also will need to have Microsofts Windows Media Player 11 installed as the Spirogyra files are packed full of DRY. Once all is in order, you can start browsing, downloading, and most importantly to Spirogyra viewing ads. The first thing you notice about Spirogyra is the advertising. Theres a slender manner ad at the top, a larger display ad along the right side, and when you are browsing for songs, ads for artists like Sonic Youth and Beck appear. The ads are more for the labels than they are for the artists.Even with the ads, Spirogyra site is relatively clean and has many community and recommendation features found in tunes. There are tabs for Genres, Artists, New Releases, Top Downloads, Videos, News, Help, and Your Profile. Prominently featured are listings for New This Week! , Video, Buzz of the Day, What Were Listening To, Breakout Bands, Top Downloads This Week, Featured Artist, We Recommend, and Music News. But Spirogyra doesnt feel like a digital record store like tunes but rather like a music database that returns bland results in the linked 1-9, A-Z format.Searching for bands and artists is very slow. Spirogyra has a $3. 2 million dollar deal with the largest music label in the world, the Universal Music Group, and a few Indies labels. When you finally find the song you want to listen to, you can play it in Windows Media Player but not in tunes! Spirogyra is a nice alternative to tunes and the pay-to-own-your-music model and Rhapsody subscriber alternative. Despite the Arias efforts, people still trade music ND download from sites such as tunes or from peer-to-peer networks.Many of these people have pods, and Spirogyra music will not play on Apple devices! The Pay what you want model: Arrowheads model: Similar to free, the pay what you want model came into the play most recently when Radioed released their new album, In Rainbows, with a voluntary price tag. Only a band such as Radioed can do this, this is out of the question for Mandarin. So an alternative to this would be to make a very similar offer to fans with the difference that they can choose what they like to pay, after t heyve already unloaded and listened to the album first. Magnate is an online music service which has built much of its business around the pay what you want model. Albums carry a low minimum price, with fans able to decide how much more to pay after that. But their contract is not interesting at all as we have seen but they are part of the new business models in the industry Mainstream which is a Pay by popularity model: Mainstream, of which Amazon is a recent investor, is a social market place for artists to connect with fans and promote and sell their music.The site has pioneered a pay y popularity model, whereby transparent market forces dictate the price of music. All tracks on Mainstream start off free, then the more the track gets downloaded, the more the price increases in increments, all the way up to the industry standard of accents. This is in complete contrast to tunes, whereby all tracks are priced the same, irrespective of how popular or obscure they are. The Subscription model: Legendary music producer, Rick Rubin, recently told the New York Times that subscription services are the way forward. Mound pay, say, $19. 5 a month, and the music will come anywhere youd like. In this new world, there will be a virtual library that will be accessible from your car, from your cell phone, from your computer, from your television. Anywhere. The pod will b obsolete, but there would be a Walkway-like device you could plug into speakers at home. Youll say, Today I want to listen to Simon and Garfield, and there they are The service can have demos, bootlegs, concerts, whatever context the artist wants to put out. And once that model is put into place, the industry will grow 10 times the size it is now. However, despite what Rubin says, services such as Rhapsody havent reached mass adoption yet, as it is definitely not clear that people are ready to rent their music. A music tax Model: Its an old idea and one that MUG was rumored to be pushing quite recently: some sort of music tax, possibly collected via an Internet Service Provider. The idea is to charge the customers of Sips and cell-phone carriers a flat-rate fee as part of their data service plan, in exchange for the right to download and share the major record labels music over an Sips network.That way, file sharing is decentralized and the recording industry is guaranteed revenue. Some countries tax blank CDC, or direct taxation through government. All three variations would require the different parties -? including all four major labels and government -? to agree to work together, something which is very unlikely to happen. Through my readings I found a possible interesting idea that I have changed a little. As fans DO want to be closer to the artist, the label could create a kind of fan club, but that has connotations.So calling it Just a subscription to the band seems better. When the band is still young and small, the subscription should remain pretty cheap and flexible. People would pay E/year (less than the cost of a current CD), and hey would of course get benefits such as the following non exhaustive list: direct contact with band members, early access to recordings, ability to request songs at shows or even the possibility to intervene in the creation/recording of a new album as a lyric contest for example where the best lyrics would be made into a song by the band to go on the next album.The label should give the fans their own special IRS news feed so they can be alerted every time the band has a new song for them to hear or whatever kind of news. The subscribers would also get discounts on tangible odds such as T-shirts with a 25% discount. Actual CDC (with bonus features mo vies even games) maybe at a small higher price. Easy access to recorded concerts right after the show they have Just seen, that they can download could be an interesting idea. En the band grows even more, and hopefully expands the fan club; they will be playing larger venues, so they could reserve the best seats for their members.The subscribers could get backstage passes. The membership prices would then be able to rise as the band gets larger. A tour for the subscribers only could be done with 6 venues in the UK for example, reading exclusive gigs only for the true fan. ere label and band are now making money from (a) concerts (b) fans who are subscribed to their service and (c) still from selling tangible merchandise. Fans get to directly support the bands they like. Based on all of this, there is a variety of different business models.What is important is that they are based on (1) using the music as a promotional good to get a lot more attention in a crowded market (2) offering customers what they want, and offering them plenty of different ways to get it and (3) building tremendous loyalty from pappy customers who feel much closer to the musicians and are much more willing to spend money on secondary products (merchandise, concerts, access). Nowadays a label or an artist must Just think about selling the music but have to think about selling the entire experience of the music.When you look at things that way, it means [o dont worry if some of the music is heard for free, because that Just encourages ere first and foremost important act to do on the artists side is to gig as much as possible! What will we do as the label to enhance the awareness that can be generated through these live gigs? Before even thinking of selling merchandise as it co sts money, we would put out a limited 7, 10 or 12 inch vinyl off good live recording. There would be no artwork on the cover so the cost would be very low.It Mould amount to about 1 I.E. for 500 12 inch vinyl. This would be done by Totality Inch is a UK based company. Five hundred to start off is enough as it would be difficult to say how many exactly we will be giving away but as the band is going to be gigging quite a lot to create awareness, hopefully we should have giving them all away in a month on the basis of about three gigs a week which amounts to twelve a onto, hopefully collecting around fifty emails per gig. We will be giving this out for free. Why?Of course to create awareness and give out rich content but we are going to ask something from the people who want this exclusive vinyl, we are going to ask them for their e-mails. Can this be done without giving out something free at a loss cost on the labels side? Well yes, I have looked at both possibilities, why do I choose to put some money into a vinyl? Well I had a look at unsigned bands because they are JNI-known like Mandarin, who only left a mailing list somewhere in the venue for people to sign and there were some emails on the list but to me, not enough.I want for my band that over 50% of the people attending the gig to sign my mailing list. Is this feasible, from my predictions, and what I have seen yes it is! First of all, everybody likes to receive a free gift, it will also make them remember the gig. Instead of Just a piece of paper lying there, I will ask the band to do this after their gig, fans or general attendees will be able to interact with the band and this is the model to follow nowadays. Fans want to feel much closer to the band/artist than ever before, why now?I personally think that it is for the simple reason that it is possible through the internet. What happens if there arent enough vinyl to give away, the fans will be able to sign another mailing list, but they will want something free too, so as I will not want to send a vinyl to them as the postage will be more expensive than the manufacturing of the vinyl itself, they will receive another exclusive gift, this can be anything from the possibility of downloading the same live track or an exclusive died of the song.I will possibly go for the first id ea, as here again I will save money UT I must say I like the idea of giving away different gifts to different fans, it creates a kind of collectors model right from the start though the band still hasnt released an album. Nat is to be done with this mailing list? Will have of course set up my own website for the label, registering my own domain name, and I will of course register with a company that allows me to capture email addresses from email lists to promote further shows, to send a monthly newsletter and different information that will be useful for my marketing.As a gift for my subscribers, a week before the release of the album I will be selling exclusively to them one track for 59 pence instead of the usual 79 to 99 pence. This exclusive one coming out a week before the release, it will remind everybody that the album is coming out in a nicer way than Just a brief reminder email and it will hopefully generate a sense of awareness not only around the artist but around the label itself as one that takes care of its subscribers and fans.Viral marketing over the net would be the easiest and cheapest way of doing the marketing, developing different social network tools such as Namespace, Verb, Faceable, like, Hi for example. Once has of course to monitor as much as possible all the date coming from these tools through Agglutinations for example. As a label, using Last. Fm too is very important, being on as many blobs as possible. Another very interesting tool in the UK is Sub. Tv. For this of course, a video will be needed which costs vary.So for the release of our video, we organized a contest that we advertised in different Film Schools in partnership with the Film schools so that they would provide the necessary equipment for the video to be recorded. The school will have a link on our Infinite for a full year and will get recognition on the video for their partnership. The student which will have won the contest will of course have the chance to record his first professional video and get his name on the video of course and an article on him on our website.We have gone to different schools such as Care International in Paris :http://www. Care-international. Com/), SOAP in London (http://www. Soap. Org/) and The London film School (http://www. Life. Org. UK/). This will be at no particular financial cost for us and will show that we are forward thinking and helping not only Eng music artists but also the other arts! This Video will be used on our waste, social network tools, as the official video for the release. Coming back to Sub. TV, we Nail set a page up for our artist over the net to begin this experience. Sub. TV is an interactive entertainment channel that has created a unique connection with 18-24 Hear olds and is an integral part of todays youth culture. Sub. TV connects with students throughout the day through its screens, website, mobile messaging and events, allowing students to interact and broadcast music, sport and other entertainment content across university campuses. The interactive channel began broadcasting in Students Unions in 2003 and now reaches 1. 5 million students Meekly- thats 32% of all 18-24 year olds. This is at no cost for us either as they are financed by advertisement. So the video will also be on this support. Why is it so important? For the simple fact that this is the age group we are looking at, as the one listening to most of the music and which is in line with the musical genre of Mandarin. En will help Mandarin get some gigs in the UK as they are from France. The venues En will be selecting will range from the Electrostatic club playing at TheSlaughtered Lamb to the Water Rat to The George Tavern to The Borderline and The Ship maybe even the Luminance and the Filthy Mainstay. En will be pitching all the radios from the national ones to the regional ones and of course not forgetting the weaverbirds too specialized and more mainstream. For instance: Brickwork Radio, NAME Radio, CFML. En will get some press coverage, calling music magazines such as The Stool Pigeon, MAJOR. Mandarins music will also be available to purchase on the internet through our website and online stores such as Amazon. Com, Cicada, Coded and of course tunes.

Juveniles And The Death Penalty Essays - Law, Misconduct

Juveniles And The Death Penalty Juveniles and the Death Penalty Why it's not a Deterrent, and How it can Become One Today, minors are using their age as a shield against capital punishment. I feel the death penalty is appropriate for juveniles in certain circumstances, such as murder and brutal crimes that are considered capital offenses. The rate at which the death penalty is carried out, as well as inconstancies in sentencing doesn't make it a deterrent. There should not be an age limit in all capital offenses for those who could face the death penalty and knew what he or she was doing was wrong, and a crime. Age limits do not predict when one is able to handle responsibilities. What they do is assume one should be able to take on new responsibilities, laws, and issues. One is not suddenly capable of driving at sixteen, and not immediately given the knowledge of the voting system at eighteen. How does a specific age predict when a person knows right from wrong? By not having a minimum age for juvenile offenders in capital offenses, juvenile's special rights and immunities would be taken away. Th ese rights for juveniles exist so justice courts can provide measures of guidance and rehabilitation for the youth by using mentors in society. There have been several laws made for juveniles regarding the age they could be tried as adults in capital cases. Although, the age limit varies from state to state, and even then that age isn't always followed due to different situations in cases. This is what I mean by inconsistencies among court cases. These laws were made because some youth who was not yet considered an adult committed a horrific crime and knew what he or she was doing when the crime took place. These juveniles perform the same malicious acts as adult capital offenders. They need to be punished for their actions just as the adults are so they know they can't get away with crime just because their age says they're not an adult yet. Thirty-eight states and the federal government created statutes authorizing the death penalty for certain forms of murder and other capital offenses. Presently, fifteen states have chosen the minimum age of eighteen for a youth to be considered for the death penalty, four have chosen the age of seventeen, and twenty states have chosen sixteen as a minimum age. There was one agreement among justices regarding the Constitution which doesn't say juveniles can't receive the death penalty. The Constitution, which has its roots in English Common law, is not in violation of the cases of juvenile death penalties. Before having a minimum age limit in effect, English Common law had a direct influence on the Constitution. This common law, carried over to American statutes, established the assumption that no one under the age of seven had the mental capability to commit crimes. Therefore they had no concept of mens rea, which is a Latin word meaning intent. In English common law intent had to be proven in cases concerning offenders of ages seven to fourteen, which carried over to be an American standard. Only in cases of youth over the age of fourteen was it possible to acknowledge they had the mental capacity to perform a crime with intent. Because these juveniles' crimes were so harsh, the youth's case would be transferred to criminal courts and, in turn, makes it possible to sentence violent, juvenile offenders with the death penalty. The idea of whether or not the death penalty should be applied to juveniles is only possible through the transfer of juveniles out of the juvenile courts and into an adult criminal court. Only then can a guilty, violent youth be punished to the full extent for the capital crimes they have committed. Due to inconsistencies in the laws, the death penalty is not a deterrent from keeping youth from committing crimes or fearing any serious punishments. The goal of having stricter penalties will hopefully also decrease the numbers of future generations who commit crimes. I feel that age is not a determining factor in deciding whether or not a youth should be punished for their actions. It should be based on